Studi Epidemiologi Kejadian Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue Dengan Pendekatan Spasial Sistem Informasi Geografis di Kecamatan Palu Selatan Kota Palu [Penelitian Pilihan]

Latar Belakang : Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat dan menimbulkan dampak sosial maupun ekonomi. Jumlah kasus yang dilaporkan cenderung meningkat dan daerah penyebarannya bertambah luas. Pada tahun 2004 di kota Palu, penderita DBD berjumlah 210 orang dengan 10 kematian. Tahun 2005 jumlah penderita DBD sebanyak 627 orang dan 12 diantaranya meninggal, dan tahun 2006 dengan jumlah penderita DBD sebanyak 334 orang dan 5 diantaranya meninggal. Sedangkan pada tahun 2007 sampai dengan bulan April jumlah penderita DBD sebanyak 593 orang dan 2 diantaranya meninggal.

Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui distribusi epidemiologi kejadian kasus DBD di kecamatan Palu Selatan berdasarkan karakteristik orang, tempat, dan waktu tahun 2004-2006, serta melakukan pemetaan distribusi spasial kejadian kasus DBD dengan pendekatan sistem informasi geografi (SIG) di kecamatan Palu Selatan tahun 2004 s/d 2006.

Metode Penelitian : Jenis penelitian ini adalah survei deskriptif analitik dengan rancangan penelitian cross sectional, yang bermaksud untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang distribusi kejadian DBD dengan pendekatan spasial SIG di kecamatan Palu Selatan tahun 2004 s/d 2006. Alamat penderita diambil titik koordinat dengan menggunakan Global Positioning System (GPS). Proses selanjutnya, data diolah dan akan disajikan dalam bentuk tabel, grafik, dan peta.

Hasil : Distribusi penderita DBD terbanyak laki-laki (52,48%), umur penderita terbanyak <15 tahun (46,60%), wilayah yang terbanyak penderita kelurahan Lolu Selatan (15,41%), waktu kejadian tertinggi terjadi pada bulan Mei s/d September. Terdapat 9 cluster kejadian DBD di kelurahan Tatura Utara dan kelurahan Tanamodindi. Diperoleh hubungan kepadatan penduduk dengan kejadian DBD (p = 0,0049881), suhu udara (25,3⁰C – 28,1⁰C) dan kelembaban udara (71,3% – 79,7%), diperoleh hubungan Angka Bebas Jentik (ABJ) dengan kejadian DBD di kecamatan Palu Selatan (p = 0,4623282).

Simpulan : Laki-laki lebih banyak beraktifitas daripada perempuan, penderita DBD lebih banyak pada usia anak sekolah, kelurahan Lolu Selatan memiliki kepadatan penduduk dan mobilisasi penduduk yang tinggi, peningkatan kasus terjadi pada waktu musim penghujan yaitu bulan April s/d Oktober, adanya pengelompokkan kasus penderita DBD di kelurahan Tatura Utara dan kelurahan Tanamodindi, kepadatan penduduk sangat berhubungan positif dengan kejadian DBD, suhu dan kelembaban sangat mendukung dalam perkembangbiakan vektor penular penyakit DBD yang menyebabkan peningkatan penderita DBD dari tahun ke tahun, ABJ tidak mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan kejadian penyakit DBD

EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDY OF DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER CASES IN SOUTH PALU SUB DISTRICT, PALU, BY USING SPATIAL APPROACH OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

Background: At the moment, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a public health problem which arise social and economic impacts. By the time, number of DHF cases tends to increase and the endemic area is wider. In 2004, number of DHF patients at Palu was 210 patients and 10 of them were died. The number of DHF patients increased to 627 patients (12 of them were died) in 2005 and 334 patients (5 of them were died) in 2006. In 2007, the number of DHF cases was enormous. Since January until April 2007, the number had reached number of 334 patients and 2 of them were died.

Objective: This study aimed to find out the epidemiology distribution of DHF cases at South Palu Sub district during the year of 2004 – 2006 in the basis of human, place and time characteristics; also to map its spatial distribution by using geographic information system (GIS) approach.

Methods: This was an analytical descriptive survey with cross sectional approach. This method was used to obtain the description of DHF spatial distribution in South Palu Sub District during 2004 – 2006. The coordinate points of patients’ addresses were taken by using Global Positioning System (GPS). The collected data were analyzed and presented on tables, graphics, and map.

Results: The epidemiology distribution results showed that most of DHF patients were men (52.48%); patients’ age were above 15 years old (46.60%); the highest endemic area was South Lolu village (15.41%), and the highest case numbers happened during May until September. There were 9 clusters of DHF cases in North Taturu and Tanamodindi villages. This study also reported that the DHF cases in South Selatan Sub District related to density (p=0.004), air temperature (25.3ºC – 28.1ºC) and air humidity (71.3% – 79.7%). In addition, there was also no relationship between Wiggler Free Rate (WFR) and DHF cases (p=0.462).

Conclusion: This study concluded that men had more activities than women; most of DHF patients were student aged; South Lolu village had high density and mobilization; and the increasing of DHF cases happened in rainy season during April – October. There were clustering of DHF cases in North Tatura and Tanamodindi village. Density and DHF had a significant relationship (p = 0.004). Air temperature and humidity supported the growth of DHF infector which caused the increasing of DHF patients year by year. Last, the WFR did not relate to DHF cases.

Oslan Daud[1], Hartono[2], Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto[3]

[1] Student of Health Management Information System, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta

[2] Geography Faculty, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta

[3] Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta